India and Nepal’s Border Issue

Syllabus: GS2/International Relations

Why in news

Nepal printing a new Rs 100 note depicting disputed territories has brought the border issue back into focus.

The disagreement centers around a 372-square-kilometer area encompassing Limpiyadhura, Lipulekh, and Kalapani near the India-Nepal-China trijunction.

Nepal: Relies on the Sugauli Treaty of 1816, which designated the Kali River as the western boundary. Nepal interprets the source of the river (eastward limit) to be near Limpiyadhura.
India: Contends the border starts at Kalapani, where the river emerges from the mountains.

Susta, a territory claimed by both Nepal and India, is currently administered by India’s West Champaran district.
Nepal asserts ownership of over 14,860 hectares they believe India has encroached upon.

Despite the Susta dispute, India and Nepal share a close and multifaceted relationship:

Historical and Cultural Bonds: The “roti-beti” relationship signifies cultural exchange and cross-border marriages.
Geographical Interdependence: Nepal, landlocked, relies heavily on India for trade and access to the sea.
Treaty and Open Border: The 1950 Treaty of Peace and Friendship forms the foundation of their special relationship, granting Nepalese citizens opportunities similar to Indians.
Defense Cooperation: India assists Nepal’s military with training and equipment, and Gurkha regiments from Nepal serve in the Indian Army.
Infrastructure and Development: India supports Nepal’s development through road upgrades, cross-border rail links, and integrated check posts.
Energy Cooperation: Power exchange agreements ensure energy needs are met in border regions.
Trade and Economy: India is Nepal’s largest trading partner, with significant growth in bilateral trade. India is a major source of exports for Nepal.
Recent Developments: A motorable bridge across the Mahakali River is being constructed with Indian assistance.
Disaster Relief: India provided substantial aid following the 2015 Nepal earthquake (Operation Maitri).

Treaty of Peace and Friendship (1950): While intended to strengthen ties, Nepal now views the treaty as unequal and potentially limiting its sovereignty.
Madhesi Issue (2015): Blockades at the border erupted due to protests by the Madhesi people, who felt marginalized by Nepal’s new constitution. This strained relations with India, seen as supportive of the government.
Chinese Influence: China’s growing economic and infrastructure involvement in Nepal, through initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative, is perceived by India as a strategic threat and a challenge to its traditional dominance in the region.
Security Concerns: The porous India-Nepal border facilitates smuggling and movement of potentially dangerous individuals, posing a security risk for India.

Shared History and Culture: Deep cultural connections provide a strong foundation.
Strategic and Economic Benefits: Nepal serves as a buffer against China and is an important economic partner.

Lessons from India-Bangladesh: The successful resolution of their land border dispute offers a valuable model.
Explore Realistic Solutions: Both sides need to be willing to compromise and find mutually agreeable solutions.

Renewed Dialogue: Open and frequent communication between leaders is crucial.
Address Madhesi Concerns: Finding a solution that addresses the grievances of the Madhesi population is vital for stability.
Cooperation on Security: Collaborating on border management and intelligence sharing can enhance security for both nations.
Infrastructure Development: Joint infrastructure projects can foster economic interdependence and mutual benefit.

By acknowledging the historical and strategic significance of their relationship, India and Nepal can work together to address current issues and build a more stable and prosperous future